Everything about Section 51 Xi Of The Australian Constitution totally explained
Section 51(xi) of the Australian Constitution is the subsection of
Section 51 of the Australian Constitution granting the Commonwealth the power to make laws on "census and statistics".
Historical Context to the inclusion of the Census Power
The first version of the Constitution included a census power. Its inclusion wasn't controversial. It can be seen as a class of 'nationhood powers' which reflected basic powers that a 'nation' was viewed with possessing (similar nationhood powers would include
the currency power, the weights and measures power, and
the postal power).
Australian colonies had collected statistics from settlement. The first simultaneous census was held across Australia in 1881 as part of the Census of the British Empire.
In December 1905 the Commonwealth Government passed
The Census and Statistics Act 1905. The first Commonwealth Census after federation was held in 1911 (although a simultaneous state census was held in 1901).
The
Australian Bureau of Statistics is the Commonwealth Agency responsible for census and statistics.
Other Sections of the Australian Constitution and the Census and Statistics Power
Section 24 of the Australian Constitution says the number of members in the House of Representatives per state will be based on the based on quotas based on population, which will be based on "the latest statistics of the Commonwealth" (s. 24(i)) and s. 24(ii)). Section 24 envinces a clear intention that the Commonwealth would use Section 51(xi) to conduct census and collect information, rather than leaving the matter to the states.
Section 127 of the Australian Constitution stated that "Aboriginal natives" shouldn't be counted in the census. This section was removed by
a referendum to amend the constitution that was
held in 1967.
Section 127 uses the word "census" - the language of s. 51(xi) - rather than "the latest statistics of the Commonwealth" used in Section 24. However, on a purposive approach, the debates at the Constitutional Conventions showed the clear purpose of section 127 was to limit section 24. Section 127 operated to prevent the number of aboriginals being used in the calculations for the number of members of the House of Representatives. Section 127 was quite a narrow provision, in that it didn't use the word "statistics". Accordingly, section 51(xi) still allowed the Commonwealth had the power to collect statistics on Aboriginal people which it, in fact, did according population numbers.
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